Rotations in 4D
So the geometric algebra specifies a rotation on Rn in quite a nice form.
Given unit vectors a,b then defining σ:v↦bavab we get the σ is a rotation that leaves everything perpendicular to the a,b plan pointwise fixed, and within the a,b plane σ is the rotation from a to b applied twice (so that the rotation of σ is twice the angle between a and b).
Now in the plane if we choose a to be e1=(1,0) and we choose b=cos(θ/2)e1+sin(θ/2)e2=(cos(θ/2),sin(θ/2)) so that applying the rotation from a to b twice is a counterclockwise rotation of the plane by angle θ then the geometric product ab=cos(θ/2)+sin(θ/2)e1e2 and the geometric ba=cos(θ/2)−sin(θ/2)e1e2.
Now in 4 dimensions a rotation is made up of a plane, and its orthogonal plane, each of them being setwise invariant, and each undergoing a rotation.
Thus we can see a model of a 4 dimensional rotation by taking the product
(cos(α/2)+sin(α/2)e1e2)(cos(β/2)+sin(β/2)e3e4). Then v↦q−1vq is a rotation in R4 which is a rotation in the direction from e1 to e2 by angle α in the e1,e2 plane, and is a rotation in the e3,e4 plane rotating in the direction from e3 to e4 by angle β.
More interestingly, given a general unit member
z=a+b12e1e2+b13e1e3+b14e1e4+b23e2e3+b24e2e4+b34e3e4+ce1e2e3e4 one wonders whether we can factor it as a product of two planar orthogonal rotations. That is, can you read off the planes of rotation and the corresponding angles of rotation from any unit even member of the geometric algebra.
The answer is that yes one can.
Assume that the two rotations are
g=cos(α/2)+sin(α/2)(r12e1e2+r13e1e3+r14e1e4+r23e2e3+r24e2e4+r34e3e4)
and by
h=cos(β/2)+sin(β/2)(s12e1e2+s13e1e3+s14e1e4+s23e2e3+s24e2e4+s34e3e4).
For a rotation to represent a plane it must have r12r34+r13r24+r14r23=0
For the planes of these two members of the product to be orthogonal we must have r12=s34, r13=s24, r14=s23, r23=s14, r24=s13, r34=s12.
Consequently the grade 4 part of the product gh is r12s34+r13s24+r14s23+r23s14+r24s13+r34s14 which is equal to
r212+r213+r214+r232+r224+r234=1.
Consequently if z=gh then
a=cos(α/2)cos(β/2) and c=sin(α/2)sin(β/2).
We then have a−c=cos((α+β)/2) and a+c=cos((α−β)/2).
From this we can readily extract both α and β.
Then since bij=cos(β/2)sin(α/2)rij+sin(β/2)cos(α/2)sij=cos(β/2)sin(α/2)rij+sin(β/2)cos(α/2)rkl and
bkl=cos(β/2)sin(α/2)rkl+sin(β/2)cos(α/2)skl=cos(β/2)sin(α/2)rkl+sin(β/2)cos(α/2)rij
where kl are the two members different than ij we have equations we can readily solve for rij and rkl in terms of bij and bkl (since β and α are known).
Thus one can decompose any even unit member of the geometric algebra of R4 into two orthogonal plane rotations with known angles and directions of rotation.
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